''Cyanea'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the family

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belon ...

. The name ''Cyanea'' in Hawaiian is ''hāhā''. These

Hawaiian lobelioids The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the ...

are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...

with over 90% of ''Cyanea'' species are found only on one island in the Hawaiian chain.Givnish, T. J., et al. (2009)
Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae).
''Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'' 276(1656), 407-16. They grow in moist and wet forest habitatLammers, T. G. (2004)
Five new species of the endemic Hawaiian genus ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae).
''Novon'' 14(1) 84-101. and are largely

pollinated Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, ...

by birds such as the

Hawaiian honeycreeper Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great ...

s, and the seeds are dispersed by birds that take the fruits. Most ''Cyanea'' are trees with few branches or none. The

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

is a

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

of 4 to 45 flowers which grows from the leaf axils. The fruit is a fleshy

berry A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, raspb ...

. There have been several theories regarding the evolution of large prickles on plants endemic to islands that lack any mammalian or reptilian herbivores. One such theory suggests that the prickles are a defense against herbivory by the

moa-nalo The moa-nalo are a group of extinct aberrant, goose-like ducks that lived on the larger Hawaiian Islands, except Hawaii itself, in the Pacific. They were the major herbivores on most of these islands until they became extinct after human settle ...

, a few taxa of flightless

duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form t ...

s that went

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

on the islands within the last 1600 years.Givnish, T. J., et al. (1994)
Thorn-like prickles and heterophylly in ''Cyanea'': adaptations to extinct avian browsers on Hawaii?
''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 91(7), 2810-14.

Species

Cyanea fissa (Kauai cyanea) (26599838421)

There are about 78 species in the genus.Oppenheimer, H. and D. H. Lorence. (2012)
A new species of ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) from Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
''PhytoKeys'' (13), 15-23. Species include: * ''

Cyanea aculeatiflora Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – Haleakala cyanea * ''

Cyanea acuminata ''Cyanea acuminata'' is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names Honolulu cyanea. It is endemic to Oahu, where there are no more than 250 individuals remaining.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway. (2003)''Cyanea acuminata'' IUCN Red ...

'' – Honolulu cyanea * ''

Cyanea angustifolia ''Cyanea angustifolia'' is a plant in the genus '' Cyanea'' that is found in Hawaii.Cyanea angustifolia ...

'' – hāhā, aku, * ''

Cyanea arborea Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – palmtree cyanea * ''

Cyanea asarifolia ''Cyanea asarifolia'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name gingerleaf cyanea. It is endemic to Kauai, where there were no more than 30 individuals in a single population as of 2005.USFWS''Cyanea ...

'' – gingerleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea aspleniifolia'' – spleenwort cyanea * '' Cyanea calycina'' – Waianae Range rollandia, Oahu cyanea * '' Cyanea comata'' – Maui cyanea * '' Cyanea copelandii'' – treetrunk cyanea * ''

Cyanea coriacea Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – leatherleaf cyanea * ''

Cyanea crispa ''Cyanea crispa'' is a rare species of flowering plant known by the common names crimped rollandia and Koolau Range rollandia. It is endemic to Oahu, where there are no more than fifty individuals remaining in the Koʻolau Range.Bruegmann, M. M. ...

'' – Koolau Range rollandia * '' Cyanea cylindrocalyx'' – Splitleaf cyanea * ''

Cyanea dolichopoda ''Cyanea dolichopoda'' was a species of shrub in the bellflower family that was endemic to Kauai. It was discovered in 1990 and has not been located in the wild since 1992. Like other '' Cyanea'' it is known as ''haha'' in Hawaiian. This Hawa ...

'' – long-foot cyanea * '' Cyanea dunbariae'' – ravine cyanea * '' Cyanea duvalliorum'' * ''

Cyanea eleeleensis ''Cyanea eleeleensis'' was a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Eleele cyanea. It was endemic to Kauai, where it has been declared extinct.USFWSDetermination of endangered status for 48 species on K ...

'' – eleele cyanea * '' Cyanea elliptica'' – ellipticleaf cyanea * ''

Cyanea fissa Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – Kauai cyanea * '' Cyanea floribunda'' – Degener's cyanea * '' Cyanea giffardii'' – Kilauea Mauna cyanea * '' Cyanea gibsonii'' * '' Cyanea glabra'' – smooth cyanea * '' Cyanea grimesiana'' – splitleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea habenata'' – stream-bed cyanea * '' Cyanea hamatiflora'' – wetforest cyanea * '' Cyanea hardyi'' – Oahu cyanea * ''

Cyanea heluensis ''Cyanea heluensis'' is a rare plant that was found near West Maui, The flower was first encountered in 2010 and formally named in 2020. There is only a single known wild individual of the species and it is prone to extinction by rats. The plant ...

'' * '' Cyanea hirtella'' – rustyleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea horrida'' – prickly cyanea * '' Cyanea humboldtiana'' – Oahu rollandia * ''

Cyanea kahiliensis Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – spoonleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea kauaulaensis'' * '' Cyanea kolekoleensis'' – kolekole cyanea * '' Cyanea konahuanuiensis'' – Hāhā miliohu * '' Cyanea koolauensis'' – Palolo Valley rollandia * '' Cyanea kuhihewa'' – Limahuli Valley cyanea * ''

Cyanea kunthiana Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – Kunth's cyanea * ''

Cyanea lanceolata Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – lanceleaf cyanea * ''

Cyanea leptostegia Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – giant kokee cyanea * ''

Cyanea linearifolia Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – linearleaf cyanea * ''

Cyanea lobata ''Cyanea lobata'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Waihee Valley cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from Lanai and Maui.Cyanea longiflora'' – ridge rollandia * '' Cyanea longissima'' – streambank cyanea * '' Cyanea macrostegia'' – purple cyanea * '' Cyanea magnicalyx'' * '' Cyanea mannii'' – Mann's cyanea * '' Cyanea maritae'' * '' Cyanea marksii'' – Marks' cyanea * ''

Cyanea mauiensis Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – Maui cyanea * '' Cyanea mceldowneyi'' – McEldowney's cyanea * '' Cyanea membranacea'' – papery cyanea * '' Cyanea minutiflora'' * '' Cyanea munroi'' – Munro's cyanea * ''

Cyanea obtusa Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – bluntlobe cyanea * '' Cyanea parvifolia'' – Waioli Valley rollandia * ''

Cyanea pilosa Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – hairy cyanea * ''

Cyanea pinnatifida ''Cyanea pinnatifida'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name sharktail cyanea. It is endemic to Oahu, but it is now extinct in the wild and only exists in cultivation.Bruegmann, M. M. & V. Caraway ...

'' – sharktail cyanea * ''

Cyanea platyphylla ''Cyanea platyphylla'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names puna cyanea and flatleaf cyanea. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii, where there are fewer than 100 plants remaining in the wild.

'' – puna cyanea * '' Cyanea pohaku'' – pohaku cyanea * '' Cyanea procera'' – Molokai cyanea * '' Cyanea profuga'' – Mapulehu Valley cyanea * '' Cyanea pseudofauriei'' – hāhā * '' Cyanea purpurellifolia'' – Panaluu Mountain rollandia * ''

Cyanea pycnocarpa Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – manyfruit cyanea * ''

Cyanea quercifolia ''Cyanea quercifolia'', known as oakleaf cyanea, was a species of plant native to the Hawaiian island of Maui. The plant is now considered extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a ...

'' – oakleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea recta'' – Kealia cyanea * ''

Cyanea remyi ''Cyanea remyi'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae, bellflower family known by the common name Remy's cyanea. It is Endemism, endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It is a federally listed end ...

'' – Remy's cyanea * '' Cyanea rivularis'' – plateau cyanea * '' Cyanea salicina'' – willow cyanea * '' Cyanea scabra'' – harsh cyanea * '' Cyanea sessilifolia'' – sessileleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea shipmanii'' – Shipman's cyanea * ''

Cyanea solanacea Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – popolo * ''

Cyanea solenocalyx Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – pua kala, molokai * ''

Cyanea spathulata Cyanea may refer to: * ''Cyanea'' (jellyfish), a genus of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae * ''Cyanea'' (plant), a genus of Hawaiian plants in the family Campanulaceae * An ancient Greek name that means "blue sky" and in the Greek alphabet it' ...

'' – spoonleaf cyanea * '' Cyanea st.-johnii'' – St. John's rollandia * ''

Cyanea stictophylla ''Cyanea stictophylla'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Kaiholena cyanea. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii, where it is known only from the rainforests of Mauna Loa.World Conservation M ...

'' – Kaiholena cyanea * ''

Cyanea superba ''Cyanea superba'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common names Mt. Kaala cyanea and superb cyanea. It is endemic to the island of Oahu, but it is now extinct in the wild. It exists in cultivation and s ...

'' – Mt. Kaala cyanea * '' Cyanea tritomantha'' – aku aku, aku * '' Cyanea truncata'' – Punaluu cyanea * '' Cyanea undulata'' – leechleaf cyanea

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q148336 Endemic flora of Hawaii Campanulaceae genera